SARS-Cov-2, el virus emergente que casusa la pandemia de COVID-19
Palabras clave:
Nuevo coronavirus, pandemia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19Resumen
La emergencia del nuevo SARS-CoV-2, y el reconocimiento de la enfermedad que produce como pandemia, constituye el evento sanitario de mayor importancia en 2020. Debido a su reciente aparición y la inexistencia de medicamentos o vacunas seguras y eficaces, el manejo de casos y el control de brotes de la enfermedad se hace difícil. En esta revisión, se expone información sobre la pandemia, las características del virus, las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad, su adecuado diagnóstico, las alternativas de tratamiento y las acciones que se ejecutan para su control.
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12. Qiu Y, Zhao YB, Wang Q, Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Liao CH, Ge XY. Predicting the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) utilizing capability as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar 19. pii: S1286-4579(20)30049-6. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.03.003.
13. Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience. 2020 Apr 10. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00186-0.
14. Chen T, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Apr 11. pii: glaa089. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa089.
15. Lovato A, de Filippis C, Marioni G. Upper airway symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Apr 4:102474. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102474.
16. Hussain A, Bhowmik B, Cristina do Vale Moreira N. COVID-19 and Diabetes: Knowledge in Progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Apr 9:108142. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142.
17. Lei Z, Cao H, Jie Y, Huang Z, Guo X, Chen J, et al. A cross-sectional comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan and outside Wuhan, China. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 9:101664. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101664.
18. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance. WHO/COVID-19/laboratory/2020.5. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel, Instructions for Use. Atlanta: CDC; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Processing of Sputum Specimens for Nucleic Acid Extraction. Atlanta: CDC; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/processing-sputum-specimens.pdf.
21. Chua F, Armstrong-James D, Desai SR, Barnett J, Kouranos V, Kon OM, et al. The role of CT in case ascertainment and management of COVID-19 pneumonia in the UK: insights from high-incidence regions. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Mar 25; pii: S2213-2600(20)30132- 6. Disponible en: http://doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30132-6.
22. Hyun Jung K, Soyeoun L, Jooae C, Sang-Ho C, Heungsup S, Kyung-Hyun Do. Radiographic and CT Features of Viral Pneumonia. RadioGraphics 2018;38:719- 39. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170048.
23. Kooraki S, Hosseiny M, Myers L, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 Apr;17(4):447- 51. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.02.008.
24. Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zixiang H, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol 2020 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0
25. Tao Ai. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 cases. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
26. Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Minjie Lin, Lingjun Ying, Peipei Pang, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
27. Peikai H, Tianzhu L, Lesheng H, Hailong L, Ming L, Wangdong X, et al. Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT-PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion. Radiology 2020; 295:22–23 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200330
28. Chen L, Yuxiao D, Bin X, Zhujian S, Xiaogang L, Zixian C, et al. Asymptomatic novel coronavirus pneumonia patient outside Wuhan: The value of CT images in the course of the disease. Clinical Imaging 2020; 63:7- 9 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.02.008
29. Feng P, Tianhe Y, Peng S, Shan G, Liang B, Lingli L, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest ct during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200370
30. Yueying P, Hanxiong G, Shuchang Z, Yujin W, Qian L, Tingting Z, et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06731-x
31. Junqiang L, Junfeng L, Xun L, Xiaolong Q. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1): 18. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200236
32. Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baquelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. London: Imperial College London, March 16, 2020 (https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf).
33. Usher AD. WHO launches crowdfund for COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1024. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30719-4.
34. WHO guidelines on ethical issues in public health surveillance. World Health Organization 2017. ISBN: 978-92-4-151265-7.
35. Guidance for managing ethical issues in infectious disease outbreaks. Organización Mundial de la Salud 2016. ISBN: 978-92-4-154983-7.
36. Ruiz Hunt ZA. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas y su papel en la formación de profesionales comprometidos con la problemática medioambiental. Pers bioet. 2016 jul-dic; 20(2):280- 2.
37. Vialart Vidal MN, Vidal Ledo MJ, Sarduy Domínguez Y, Delgado Ramos A, Rodríguez Díaz A, Fleitas Estévez I, et al. Aplicación de la eSalud en el contexto cubano. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018; 42:e19. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.19.
2. Zheng J. SARS-CoV-2: An Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. Int J Biol Sci. 2020; 16(10):1678- 85. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45053.
3. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565- 74. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
4. Shi-Yan Ren, Rong-Ding Gao, Ye-Lin Chen. Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic. World J Clin Cases. 2020; 8(4):652- 7. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i4.652.
5. Yan-Rong Guo, Qing-Dong Cao, Zhong-Si Hong, Yuan-Yang Tan, Shou-Deng Chen, Hong-Jun Jin, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Medical Research. 2020; 7:11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.
6. Kohrt BA, Mistry AS, Anand N, Beecroft B, Nuwayhid I. Health research in humanitarian crises: an urgent global imperative. BMJ Global Health. 2019;4:e001870. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001870.
7. Zwald ML, Lin W, Sondermeyer Cooksey GL, Weiss C, Suarez A, Fischer M, et al. Rapid Sentinel Surveillance for COVID-19 - Santa Clara County, California, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 10; 69(14):419- 21. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e3.
8. Baglivo M, Baronio M, Natalini G, Beccari T, Chiurazzi P, Fulcheri E, et al. Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid-dependent attachment to host cells: a possible strategy for reducing SARS-COV-2 infectivity? Acta Biomed. 2020 Mar 19; 91(1):161- 4. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9402.
9. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar; 55(3):105924. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924.
10. Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, Wang C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Corman VM, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 8;26(7). Disponible en: https://doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200841.
11. Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020 Mar 6. pii: S0092-8674(20)30262-2. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058.
12. Qiu Y, Zhao YB, Wang Q, Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Liao CH, Ge XY. Predicting the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) utilizing capability as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar 19. pii: S1286-4579(20)30049-6. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.03.003.
13. Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience. 2020 Apr 10. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00186-0.
14. Chen T, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Apr 11. pii: glaa089. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa089.
15. Lovato A, de Filippis C, Marioni G. Upper airway symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Apr 4:102474. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102474.
16. Hussain A, Bhowmik B, Cristina do Vale Moreira N. COVID-19 and Diabetes: Knowledge in Progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Apr 9:108142. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142.
17. Lei Z, Cao H, Jie Y, Huang Z, Guo X, Chen J, et al. A cross-sectional comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan and outside Wuhan, China. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 9:101664. Disponible en: https://doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101664.
18. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance. WHO/COVID-19/laboratory/2020.5. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel, Instructions for Use. Atlanta: CDC; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Processing of Sputum Specimens for Nucleic Acid Extraction. Atlanta: CDC; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/processing-sputum-specimens.pdf.
21. Chua F, Armstrong-James D, Desai SR, Barnett J, Kouranos V, Kon OM, et al. The role of CT in case ascertainment and management of COVID-19 pneumonia in the UK: insights from high-incidence regions. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Mar 25; pii: S2213-2600(20)30132- 6. Disponible en: http://doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30132-6.
22. Hyun Jung K, Soyeoun L, Jooae C, Sang-Ho C, Heungsup S, Kyung-Hyun Do. Radiographic and CT Features of Viral Pneumonia. RadioGraphics 2018;38:719- 39. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170048.
23. Kooraki S, Hosseiny M, Myers L, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 Apr;17(4):447- 51. Disponible en: https://doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.02.008.
24. Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zixiang H, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol 2020 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0
25. Tao Ai. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 cases. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
26. Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Minjie Lin, Lingjun Ying, Peipei Pang, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
27. Peikai H, Tianzhu L, Lesheng H, Hailong L, Ming L, Wangdong X, et al. Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT-PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion. Radiology 2020; 295:22–23 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200330
28. Chen L, Yuxiao D, Bin X, Zhujian S, Xiaogang L, Zixian C, et al. Asymptomatic novel coronavirus pneumonia patient outside Wuhan: The value of CT images in the course of the disease. Clinical Imaging 2020; 63:7- 9 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.02.008
29. Feng P, Tianhe Y, Peng S, Shan G, Liang B, Lingli L, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest ct during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200370
30. Yueying P, Hanxiong G, Shuchang Z, Yujin W, Qian L, Tingting Z, et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06731-x
31. Junqiang L, Junfeng L, Xun L, Xiaolong Q. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1): 18. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200236
32. Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baquelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. London: Imperial College London, March 16, 2020 (https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf).
33. Usher AD. WHO launches crowdfund for COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1024. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30719-4.
34. WHO guidelines on ethical issues in public health surveillance. World Health Organization 2017. ISBN: 978-92-4-151265-7.
35. Guidance for managing ethical issues in infectious disease outbreaks. Organización Mundial de la Salud 2016. ISBN: 978-92-4-154983-7.
36. Ruiz Hunt ZA. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas y su papel en la formación de profesionales comprometidos con la problemática medioambiental. Pers bioet. 2016 jul-dic; 20(2):280- 2.
37. Vialart Vidal MN, Vidal Ledo MJ, Sarduy Domínguez Y, Delgado Ramos A, Rodríguez Díaz A, Fleitas Estévez I, et al. Aplicación de la eSalud en el contexto cubano. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018; 42:e19. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.19.
Publicado
03-07-2020
Cómo citar
1.
Cañete Villafranca R, Noda Albelo A, Ferreira Moreno V, Brito Pérez K, García Herrera AL. SARS-Cov-2, el virus emergente que casusa la pandemia de COVID-19. Rev Méd Electrón [Internet]. 3 de julio de 2020 [citado 9 de marzo de 2025];42(3):1-20. Disponible en: https://revmedicaelectronica.sld.cu/index.php/rme/article/view/3844
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