Risk factors that contribute to chronic neuro-inflammation and brain dysfunction
Keywords:
neuro-inflammation, microglia, stress, obesity, neurodegenerative diseasesAbstract
A healthy lifestyle involves adaptive behavior, which is fundamental for men's mental health, and includes aspects related to the environmental factors. The review aimed to show advances in research on the risk factors that contribute to chronic neuro-inflammation, its effects at the brain level, as well as the role of a healthy lifestyle in promoting neuroplasticity. For this purpose, searches were carried out mainly in the PubMed database, and as a result, a positive association was confirmed between subclinical inflammatory states arising from unhealthy lifestyles, and chronic neuro-inflammation with consequent neuro-degeneration. The above led to the conclusion that some risk factors such as unhealthy diet, obesity, stress, depression, lack of physical exercise, and circadian cycle disorders are modifiable behavioral factors, which should be the object of attention and solution, both individually and socially. All of this is a worrying aspect of the issue of neurodegenerative diseases and their enormous cost for future society.
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References
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2. Verkhratsky A, Augusto-Oliveira M, Pivoriunas A, et al. Astroglial asthenia and loss of function, rather than reactivity, contribute to the ageing of the brain. Pflugers Arch. 2021;473(5):753-74. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02465-3.
3. Mendes NF, Jara CP, Zanesco AM, et al. Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2256. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052256.
4. Ferro A, Auguste YSS, Cheadle L, et al. Microglia, Cytokines, and Neural Activity: Unexpected Interactions in Brain Development and Function. Front Immunol. 2021;12. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703527.
5. Romero-Molina C, Navarro V, Jimenez S, et al. Should We Open Fire on Microglia? Depletion Models as Tools to Elucidate Microglial Role in Health and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18):9734. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189734.
6. Augusto-Oliveira M, Verkhratsky A. Mens sana in corpore sano: lifestyle changes modify astrocytes to contain Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(8):1548-9. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303023.
7. Zhuang H, Yao X, Li H, et al. Long-term high-fat diet consumption by mice throughout adulthood induces neurobehavioral alterations and hippocampal neuronal remodeling accompanied by augmented microglia lipid accumulation. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;100:155-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.018.
8. Cope EC, LaMarca EA, Monari PK, et al. Microglia Play an Active Role in Obesity-Associated Cognitive Decline. J Neurosci. 2018;38(41):8889-904. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0789-18.2018.
9. Nyamugenda E, Trentzsch M, Russell S, et al. Injury to Hypothalamic Sim1 Neurons Is a Common Feature of Obesity by Exposure to High-Fat Diet in Male and Female Mice. J Neurochem. 2019;149(1):73-97. DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14662.
10. Hao S, Dey A, Yu X, et al. Dietary Obesity Reversibly Induces Synaptic Stripping by Microglia and Impairs Hippocampal Plasticity. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;51:230-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.023.
11. Kim JD, Yoon NA, Jin S, et al. Microglial UCP2 Mediates Inflammation and Obesity Induced by High-Fat Feeding. Cell Metab. 2019;30(5):P952-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.010.
12. Urso CJ, Zhou H. Palmitic Acid Lipotoxicity in Microglia Cells Is Ameliorated by Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):9093. DOI: org/10.3390/ijms22169093.
13. Cansell C, Stobbe K, Sanchez C, et al. Dietary Fat Exacerbates Postprandial Hypothalamic Inflammation Involving Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Positive Cells and Microglia in Male Mice. Glia. 2021;69(1):42-60. DOI: 10.1002/glia.23882.
14. Baranowski BJ, Marko DM, Fenech RK, et al. Healthy brain, healthy life: a review of diet and exercise interventions to promote brain health and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10):1055-65. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0910.
15. Madore C, Yin Z, Leibowitz J, et al. Microglia, Lifestyle Stress, and Neurodegeneration. Immunity. 2020;52(2):222-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.003.
16. Richter-Levin G, Xu L. How could stress lead to major depressive disorder? IBRO Rep. 2018;4:38-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.04.001.
17. Carloni E, Ramos A, Hayes LN. Developmental Stressors Induce Innate Immune Memory in Microglia and Contribute to Disease Risk. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23):13035. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313035.
18. Scuderi C, Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, et al. Neuroglia in Psychiatric Disorders. En: Li B, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A, et al. Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders. Advances in Neurobiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_1.
19. Antoniou G, Lambourg E, Steele JD, et al. The effect of adverse childhood experiences on chronic pain and major depression in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2023;130(6):729-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.008.
20. Bueno-Notivol J, Gracia-García P, Olaya B, et al. Prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of community-based studies. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021; 21(1):100196. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.007.
21. Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9(42). DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2.
22. Malpetti M, Kievit RA, Passamonti L, et al. Microglial activation and tau burden predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2020;143(5):1588-602. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa088.
23. Yang S, Magnutzki A, Alami NO, et al. IKK2/NF-κB Activation in Astrocytes Reduces amyloid β Deposition: A Process Associated with Specific Microglia Polarization. Cells. 2021;10(10):2669. DOI: 10.3390/cells10102669.
24. Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, et al. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Signaling and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Potential Clinical and Therapeutic Implications. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 158:104930. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104930.
25. Singhal G, Morgan J, Corrigan F, et al. Short-Term Environmental enrichment is a stronger modulator of brain glial cells and cervical lymph node T cell subtypes than exercise or combined exercise and enrichment. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2021;41(3):469-86. DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00862-x.
26. Xiao K, Luo Y, Liang X, et al. Beneficial effects of running exercise on hippocampal microglia and neuroinflammation in chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression model rats. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(461). DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01571-9.
27. Meng Q, Lin MS, Tzeng IS. Relationship between exercise and Alzheimer's disease: a narrative literature review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:131. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00131.
28. Koronowski KB, Sassone-Corsi P. Communicating Clocks Shape Circadian Homeostasis. Science. 2021;371(6530). DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0951.
29. Panagiotou M, Michel S, Meijer JH, et al. The aging brain: sleep, the circadian clock and exercise. Biochem Pharm. 2021;191:114563. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114563.
30. Yoo ID, Park MW, Cha HW, et al. Elevated CLOCK and BMAL1 Contribute to the Impairment of Aerobic Glycolysis From Astrocytes in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):7862. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217862.
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Published
2024-07-03
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1.
Rufín-Gómez L Ángel, Vega-Socorro MN, García-García DR. Risk factors that contribute to chronic neuro-inflammation and brain dysfunction. Rev Méd Electrón [Internet]. 2024 Jul. 3 [cited 2025 Feb. 2];46:e5287. Available from: https://revmedicaelectronica.sld.cu/index.php/rme/article/view/5287
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