Urinary tract infection associated with preterm birth in a hospital in Apurímac, Peru
Keywords:
urinary tract infection, pregnancy, premature birth, premature laborAbstract
Introduction: Premature birth is one of the main causes of death in children under 5 years of age, with negative repercussions for society, generating an economic expense.Objective: To determine the association between urinary tract infection and premature birth.Methods: Retrospective, analytical, case-control study. 30 pregnant women with a diagnosis of premature birth were selected as cases, and 60 pregnant women as controls were selected for comparison. The presence of urinary tract infection was evaluated as a risk factor; other confounding factors were also included. For the bivariate analysis, the chi-square test was used. Each exposure was evaluated separately to determine its association with the dependent variable. Significant independent variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression in order to correct the confounding factors. The association was analyzed using odds ratios, with 95 % confidence intervals; p values were calculated with a significance level <0.05. The SPSS version 25 program was used to process the data.Results: It was found that 27 (90%) pregnant women in the case group, and 33 (55%) pregnant women in the control group, had urinary infection; being significantly (p<0.00) higher in the case group. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis, urinary infection was significantly associated with premature birth (p<0.00) increasing its risk (AOR=15.5).Conclusions: Urinary tract infection is associated with premature birth.Introduction: Premature birth is one of the main causes of death in children under 5 years of age, with negative repercussions for society, generating an economic expense.Objective: To determine the association between urinary tract infection and premature birth.Methods: Retrospective, analytical, case-control study. 30 pregnant women with a diagnosis of premature birth were selected as cases, and 60 pregnant women as controls were selected for comparison. The presence of urinary tract infection was evaluated as a risk factor; other confounding factors were also included. For the bivariate analysis, the chi-square test was used. Each exposure was evaluated separately to determine its association with the dependent variable. Significant independent variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression in order to correct the confounding factors. The association was analyzed using odds ratios, with 95 % confidence intervals; p values were calculated with a significance level <0.05. The SPSS version 25 program was used to process the data.Results: It was found that 27 (90%) pregnant women in the case group, and 33 (55%) pregnant women in the control group, had urinary infection; being significantly (p<0.00) higher in the case group. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis, urinary infection was significantly associated with premature birth (p<0.00) increasing its risk (AOR=15.5).Conclusions: Urinary tract infection is associated with premature birth.Downloads
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References
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15. Salari N, Khoshbakht Y, Hemmati M, et al. Global prevalence of urinary tract infection in pregnant mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health. 2023;224:58-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.08.016.
16. Copaja-Corzo C, Gomez-Colque S, Vilchez-Cornejo J, et al. Fetal death and its association with indicators of social inequality: 20-year analysis in Tacna, Peru. PloS One. 2023;18(10):e0292183. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292183.
17. Abanto-Bojorquez D, Soto-Tarazona A. Infección del tracto urinario y amenaza de parto pretérmino en gestantes adolescentes de un hospital peruano. Rev Fac Med Hum. 2020;20(3):419-24. DOI: 10.25176/RFMH.v20i3.3056.
18. Vogel JP, Chawanpaiboon S, Watananirun K, et al. Global, regional and national levels and trends of preterm birth rates for 1990 to 2014: protocol for development of World Health Organization estimates. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):76. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-016-0193-1.
19. Brusch JL. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females [Internet]. Manhattan: Medscape; 2024 [citado 01/07/2024]. Disponible en: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview?form=fpf
20. Romero R, Gotsch F, Pineles B, et al. Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(supl 3):S194-202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00362.x.
21. Gilbert NM, O’Brien VP, Hultgren S, et al. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(5):59-69. DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2013.061.
22. Piazzolla HRW, Modin F, Halkjær SI, et al. The association between bacteriuria and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024;79(2):241-54. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad374.
23. Devlieger R, Millar LK, Bryant-Greenwood G, et al. Fetal membrane healing after spontaneous and iatrogenic membrane rupture: A review of current evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1512-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.074.
24. Tedesco RP, Galvão RB, Guida JP, et al. The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP). Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2020;75:e1508. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1508.
2. Ohuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2023;402(10409):1261-71. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00878-4.
3. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Desarrollo Infantil Temprano en niñas y niños menores de 6 años de edad [Internet]. Lima: ENDES; 2022 [citado 30/06/2024]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inei/informes-publicaciones/4233644-desarrollo-infantil-temprano-en-ninas-y-ninos-menores-de-6-anos-de-edad-endes-2022
4. Perin J, Mulick A, Yeung D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet. 2022;6(2):106-15. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00311-4.
5. Diemert A, Arck PC. Preterm birth: pathogenesis and clinical consequences revisited. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42(4):375-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00809-w.
6. Patel RM. Short- and Long-Term Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(3):318-28. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1571202.
7. Purisch SE, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Epidemiology of preterm birth. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(7):387-91. DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.009.
8. Balachandran L, Jacob L, Awadhi RA, et al. Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy and Its Effects on Maternal and Perinatal Outcome: A Retrospective Study. Cureus. 2022;14(1). DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21500.
9. Werter DE, Schneeberger C, Mol BWJ, et al. The Risk of Preterm Birth in Low Risk Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections. Am J Perinatol. 2023;40(14):1558-66. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739289.
10. Fetene G, Tesfaye T, Negesse Y, et al. Factors associated with preterm birth among mothers who gave birth at public Hospitals in Sidama regional state, Southeast Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study. PloS One. 2022;17(4):e0265594. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265594.
11. Baer RJ, Nidey N, Bandoli G, et al. Risk of Early Birth among Women with a Urinary Tract Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study. AJP Reports. 2021;11(01):e5-14. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721668.
12. Sureshbabu RP, Aramthottil P, Anil N, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Delivery in Singleton Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India: A Case Control Study. Int J Womens Health. 2021;13:369-77. DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S282251.
13. Laelago T, Yohannes T, Tsige G. Determinants of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1). DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0772-1.
14. Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos. Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals. Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;142(2):435-45. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005269.
15. Salari N, Khoshbakht Y, Hemmati M, et al. Global prevalence of urinary tract infection in pregnant mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health. 2023;224:58-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.08.016.
16. Copaja-Corzo C, Gomez-Colque S, Vilchez-Cornejo J, et al. Fetal death and its association with indicators of social inequality: 20-year analysis in Tacna, Peru. PloS One. 2023;18(10):e0292183. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292183.
17. Abanto-Bojorquez D, Soto-Tarazona A. Infección del tracto urinario y amenaza de parto pretérmino en gestantes adolescentes de un hospital peruano. Rev Fac Med Hum. 2020;20(3):419-24. DOI: 10.25176/RFMH.v20i3.3056.
18. Vogel JP, Chawanpaiboon S, Watananirun K, et al. Global, regional and national levels and trends of preterm birth rates for 1990 to 2014: protocol for development of World Health Organization estimates. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):76. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-016-0193-1.
19. Brusch JL. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females [Internet]. Manhattan: Medscape; 2024 [citado 01/07/2024]. Disponible en: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview?form=fpf
20. Romero R, Gotsch F, Pineles B, et al. Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(supl 3):S194-202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00362.x.
21. Gilbert NM, O’Brien VP, Hultgren S, et al. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(5):59-69. DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2013.061.
22. Piazzolla HRW, Modin F, Halkjær SI, et al. The association between bacteriuria and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024;79(2):241-54. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad374.
23. Devlieger R, Millar LK, Bryant-Greenwood G, et al. Fetal membrane healing after spontaneous and iatrogenic membrane rupture: A review of current evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1512-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.074.
24. Tedesco RP, Galvão RB, Guida JP, et al. The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP). Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2020;75:e1508. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1508.
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Published
2024-09-25
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Arotaype-Saldivar CR, Medina-Nolasco EK. Urinary tract infection associated with preterm birth in a hospital in Apurímac, Peru. Rev Méd Electrón [Internet]. 2024 Sep. 25 [cited 2025 Jan. 23];46:e5688. Available from: https://revmedicaelectronica.sld.cu/index.php/rme/article/view/5688
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