Techniques of alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate. Literature review.

Abstract

The lip and palatal cleft is one of the most common congenital malformations of the buccal-facial region and can significantly impact the quality of life of the affected people. The comprehensive treatment of these patients is complex and includes the use of alveolar bone graft to restore the normal dental arches morphology and function. The aim of this article was describing the features of several alveolar grafting techniques which are still controversial. The secondary osteoplasty is the most widely accepted approach and it is the implementation of the alveolar graft during the mixed dentition, at the ages between 9 and 12 years, before the eruption of the permanent canine tooth, because the bone availability is more predictable in this period, while it would provide an adequate periodontal support for the eruption and preservation of the teeth adjacent to the cleft. The literature indicates that fresh autologous cancellous bone is the golden rule for this procedure because it provides the necessary immunocompatible bone cells; but more recent studies have shown the superiority of cortico-medullar graft, besides the complementary use of rhBMP-2. Similarly, it is noted that the iliac crest is the most recommended donor site, although the skull graft may represent the same or even more effective option and with a lower level of post surgery morbidity. It is necessary to continue exploring such alternatives and promoting research for new options, including advances in tissue engineering.