EHealthcare professionals and cytotoxic agents: routes of exposure, sources of contamination, and means of prevention
Keywords:
antineoplastic agent; occupational exposure; health personnel; prevention and control; workplace safetyAbstract
Introduction: Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents poses a significant health risk to healthcare professionals and personnel involved in their preparation, administration or disposal. These cytotoxic substances, widely used in oncology, can cause to serious adverse health effects following repeated or accidental exposure.
Objective: To identify the primary routes and sources of occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and to propose evidence-based preventive strategies for a safer work environment.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted using scientific literature and guidelines from authorized bodies (NIOSH, WHO) to synthesize current one exposure pathways and prevention measures.
Results: Multiple routes of exposure were identified: dermal, inhalation, ocular and oral. Exposure risk exists throughout the drug-handling process, from receipt and compounding to administration and waste disposal. Patient excreta (urine, feces, sweat) represent a significant secondary source of exposure. The review also outlines immediate response protocols for exposure incident to minimize health risk and maintain workplace safety.
Conclusions: Effective risk mitigation requires an integrated approach based on three pillars: (1) engineering controls (e.g., closed-system transfer devices, ventilated cabinets), (2) administrative protocols with appropriate personal protective equipment, and (3) continuous education and training. Prioritizing healthcare worker safety as an ethical obligation is fundamental to sustainable and responsible oncology care.
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